What term describes a significant change in geological theories?

A paradigm shift refers to a fundamental change in the underlying assumptions or theories that form the basis of a particular scientific discipline. In the context of geology, this term is often used to describe a transformation that significantly alters the way scientists understand geological processes, such as plate tectonics, the formation of Earth, or the evolution of life in response to geological changes.

Paradigm shifts often occur when a new theory or discovery challenges existing beliefs and prompts researchers to reevaluate their understanding. Notable examples in geology include the shift from the idea of a static Earth to the dynamic theory of plate tectonics, which revolutionized how geologists view the movement of continents and the development of geological features.

Other terms like ideology or theoretical refinement do not capture the same depth of change that a paradigm shift signifies, and model adjustment implies minor alterations rather than a substantial transformation in scientific thinking. Thus, the correct answer highlights the nature of revolutionary and far-reaching changes in geological theories.